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Sicherung und Wiederherstellung von Komponenten
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Sicherung und Wiederherstellung von Komponenten
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<a href="../../backup_restore/b_n_r-backup/" class="md-nav__link">
Sicherung
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</li>
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<a href="../../backup_restore/b_n_r-restore/" class="md-nav__link">
Wiederherstellung
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<a href="../../backup_restore/b_n_r-coldstandby/" class="md-nav__link">
Cold-standby (rollende Sicherung)
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="__nav_7_3" type="checkbox" id="__nav_7_3" >
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Manuelle Sicherung
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Manuelle Sicherung" data-md-level="2">
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Manuelle Sicherung
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<a href="../../backup_restore/b_n_r-backup_restore-maildir/" class="md-nav__link">
Mail-Verzeichnis
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<a href="../../backup_restore/b_n_r-backup_restore-mysql/" class="md-nav__link">
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Interne mailcow Sicherungen
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</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Interne mailcow Sicherungen" data-md-level="2">
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Interne mailcow Sicherungen
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../backup_restore/b_n_r-accidental_deletion/" class="md-nav__link">
Versehentlich gelöschte Daten wiederherstellen
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mailcow UI
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</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="mailcow UI" data-md-level="2">
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<a href="../../manual-guides/mailcow-UI/u_e-mailcow_ui-bl_wl/" class="md-nav__link">
Blacklist / Whitelist
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</li>
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<a href="../../manual-guides/mailcow-UI/u_e-mailcow_ui-config/" class="md-nav__link">
Konfiguration
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</li>
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<a href="../../manual-guides/mailcow-UI/u_e-mailcow_ui-css/" class="md-nav__link">
CSS-Überschreibungen
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/mailcow-UI/u_e-mailcow_ui-netfilter/" class="md-nav__link">
Netfilter
</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/mailcow-UI/u_e-mailcow_ui-pushover/" class="md-nav__link">
Pushover
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<a href="../../manual-guides/mailcow-UI/u_e-mailcow_ui-spamfilter/" class="md-nav__link">
Spamfilter
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<a href="../../manual-guides/mailcow-UI/u_e-mailcow_ui-sub_addressing/" class="md-nav__link">
Sub-Adressierung
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<a href="../../manual-guides/mailcow-UI/u_e-mailcow_ui-tags/" class="md-nav__link">
Tags (fĂŒr Domains und Mailboxen)
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<a href="../../manual-guides/mailcow-UI/u_e-mailcow_ui-spamalias/" class="md-nav__link">
TemporÀre E-Mail-Aliase
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<a href="../../manual-guides/mailcow-UI/u_e-mailcow_ui-tfa/" class="md-nav__link">
Zwei-Faktoren-Authentifizierung
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<a href="../../manual-guides/mailcow-UI/u_e-mailcow_ui-fido/" class="md-nav__link">
WebAuthn / FIDO2
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Postfix
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Postfix/u_e-postfix-trust_networks/" class="md-nav__link">
VertrauenswĂŒrdige Netzwerke hinzufĂŒgen
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Postfix/u_e-postfix-custom_transport/" class="md-nav__link">
Benutzerdefinierte Transportmaps
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Postfix/u_e-postfix-extra_cf/" class="md-nav__link">
main.cf anpassen/erweitern
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Postfix/u_e-postfix-disable_sender_verification/" class="md-nav__link">
ÜberprĂŒfung der Absenderadressen deaktivieren
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Postfix/u_e-postfix-attachment_size/" class="md-nav__link">
Maximale NachrichtengrĂ¶ĂŸe (GrĂ¶ĂŸe des Anhangs)
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/Postfix/u_e-postfix-relayhost/" class="md-nav__link">
Relayhosts
</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Postfix/u_e-postfix-pflogsumm/" class="md-nav__link">
Statistik mit pflogsumm
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</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/Postfix/u_e-postfix-postscreen_whitelist/" class="md-nav__link">
IP in Postscreen auf die Whitelist setzen
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="__nav_8_3" type="checkbox" id="__nav_8_3" >
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Unbound
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</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Unbound" data-md-level="2">
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Unbound
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/Unbound/u_e-unbound-fwd/" class="md-nav__link">
Verwendung eines externen DNS-Dienstes
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Dovecot
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Dovecot" data-md-level="2">
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Dovecot
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Dovecot/u_e-dovecot-extra_conf/" class="md-nav__link">
Anpassen/Erweitern von dovecot.conf
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/Dovecot/u_e-dovecot-any_acl/" class="md-nav__link">
Aktivierung von "any" ACL-Einstellungen
</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Dovecot/u_e-dovecot-expunge/" class="md-nav__link">
Löschen der Mails eines Benutzers
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Dovecot/u_e-dovecot-fts/" class="md-nav__link">
FTS (Solr)
</a>
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Dovecot/u_e-dovecot-idle_interval/" class="md-nav__link">
IMAP IDLE-Intervall
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/Dovecot/u_e-dovecot-mail-crypt/" class="md-nav__link">
Mail crypt
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/Dovecot/u_e-dovecot-more/" class="md-nav__link">
Weitere Beispiele mit DOVEADM
</a>
</li>
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Dovecot/u_e-dovecot-vmail-volume/" class="md-nav__link">
Maildir verschieben (vmail)
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/Dovecot/u_e-dovecot-public_folder/" class="md-nav__link">
Öffentliche Ordner
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/Dovecot/u_e-dovecot-static_master/" class="md-nav__link">
Statischer Hauptbenutzer
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/Dovecot/u_e-dovecot-catchall_vacation/" class="md-nav__link">
Urlaubsantworten fĂŒr Catchall-Adressen
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Nginx
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Nginx
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Nginx/u_e-nginx_webmail-site/" class="md-nav__link">
SubdomÀne webmail.example.org erstellen
</a>
</li>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/Nginx/u_e-nginx_custom/" class="md-nav__link">
Benutzerdefinierte Seiten
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Watchdog
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Watchdog" data-md-level="2">
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Watchdog
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<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/Watchdog/u_e-watchdog-thresholds/" class="md-nav__link">
Thresholds
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Redis
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<a href="../../manual-guides/Rspamd/u_e-rspamd/" class="md-nav__link">
Rspamd
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" data-md-toggle="__nav_8_9" type="checkbox" id="__nav_8_9" >
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ClamAV
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="ClamAV" data-md-level="2">
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ClamAV
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
<li class="md-nav__item">
<a href="../../manual-guides/ClamAV/u_e-clamav-whitelist/" class="md-nav__link">
Whitelist
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Weitere Datenbanken
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SOGo
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Docker
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Docker" data-md-level="2">
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Docker
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Dockerfiles anpassen
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<a href="../../manual-guides/u_e-why_unbound/" class="md-nav__link">
Warum unbound?
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<a href="../../manual-guides/u_e-autodiscover_config/" class="md-nav__link">
Autodiscover / Autoconfig
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<a href="../../manual-guides/u_e-80_to_443/" class="md-nav__link">
HTTP auf HTTPS umleiten
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<a href="../../manual-guides/u_e-reeanble-weak-protocols/" class="md-nav__link">
TLS 1.0 und TLS 1.1 wieder aktivieren
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<a href="../../manual-guides/u_e-update-hooks/" class="md-nav__link">
Skripte vor und nach Aktualisierungen ausfĂŒhren
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Client-Konfiguration
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</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Client-Konfiguration" data-md-level="1">
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Apple macOS / iOS
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eM Client
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KDE Kontact
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Microsoft Outlook
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Mozilla Thunderbird
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Anwendungen von Drittanbietern
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</label>
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Anwendungen von Drittanbietern" data-md-level="1">
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Anwendungen von Drittanbietern
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<a href="../../third_party/borgmatic/third_party-borgmatic/" class="md-nav__link">
Borgmatic-Sicherung
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CheckMK
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Exchange Hybrid Setup
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Gitea
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Gogs
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<a href="../../third_party/mailman3/third_party-mailman3/" class="md-nav__link">
Mailman 3
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Mailpiler Integration
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Nextcloud
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Portainer
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Reverse DNS Ihrer IP-Adresse
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Die minimale DNS-Konfiguration
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DKIM, SPF und DMARC
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Die erweiterte DNS-Konfiguration
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<a href="#e-mail-test-fur-spf-dkim-und-dmarc" class="md-nav__link">
E-Mail-Test fĂŒr SPF, DKIM und DMARC:
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Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
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<h1>DNS Einstellungen</h1>
<p>Nachstehend finden Sie eine Liste von <strong>empfohlenen DNS-EintrĂ€gen</strong>. Einige sind fĂŒr einen Mailserver obligatorisch (A, MX), andere werden empfohlen, um eine gute Reputation aufzubauen (TXT/SPF) oder fĂŒr die automatische Konfiguration von Mailclients verwendet (SRV).</p>
<h2 id="referenzen">Referenzen<a class="headerlink" href="#referenzen" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Ein guter Artikel, der alle relevanten Themen abdeckt:
<a href="https://www.rackaid.com/blog/email-dns-records">"3 DNS Records Every Email Marketer Must Know"</a></li>
<li>Ein weiterer guter Artikel, aber mit Zimbra als Beispielplattform:
<a href="https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Best_Practices_on_Email_Protection:_SPF,_DKIM_and_DMARC">"Best Practices on Email Protection: SPF, DKIM and DMARC"</a></li>
<li>Eine ausfĂŒhrliche Diskussion ĂŒber SPF, DKIM und DMARC:
<a href="https://www.skelleton.net/2015/03/21/how-to-eliminate-spam-and-protect-your-name-with-dmarc/">"Wie Sie Spam beseitigen und Ihren Namen mit DMARC schĂŒtzen"</a></li>
<li>Ein ausfĂŒhrlicher Leitfaden zum VerstĂ€ndnis von DMARC:
<a href="https://seanthegeek.net/459/demystifying-dmarc/">"Entmystifizierung von DMARC: Ein Leitfaden zur Verhinderung von E-Mail-Spoofing"</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="reverse-dns-ihrer-ip-adresse">Reverse DNS Ihrer IP-Adresse<a class="headerlink" href="#reverse-dns-ihrer-ip-adresse" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Stellen Sie sicher, dass der PTR-Eintrag Ihrer IP-Adresse mit dem FQDN Ihres mailcow-Hosts ĂŒbereinstimmt: <code>${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME}</code> <sup id="fnref:1"><a class="footnote-ref" href="#fn:1">1</a></sup>. Dieser Eintrag wird normalerweise bei dem Provider gesetzt, von dem Sie die IP-Adresse (Server) gemietet haben.</p>
<h2 id="die-minimale-dns-konfiguration">Die minimale DNS-Konfiguration<a class="headerlink" href="#die-minimale-dns-konfiguration" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Dieses Beispiel zeigt Ihnen eine Reihe von EintrĂ€gen fĂŒr eine von mailcow verwaltete Domain. Jede Domain, die zu mailcow hinzugefĂŒgt wird, benötigt mindestens diesen Satz an EintrĂ€gen, um korrekt zu funktionieren.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code># Name Typ Wert
mail IN A 1.2.3.4
autodiscover IN CNAME mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
autoconfig IN CNAME mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
@ IN MX 10 mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
</code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Hinweis:</strong> Der <code>mail</code> DNS-Eintrag, der die Subdomain an die angegebene IP-Adresse bindet, muss nur fĂŒr die Domain gesetzt werden, auf der mailcow lĂ€uft und die fĂŒr den Zugriff auf das Webinterface verwendet wird. FĂŒr jede andere von mailcow verwaltete Domain leitet der <code>MX</code>-Eintrag den Datenverkehr entsprechend weiter.</p>
<h2 id="dkim-spf-und-dmarc">DKIM, SPF und DMARC<a class="headerlink" href="#dkim-spf-und-dmarc" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Im folgenden Beispiel fĂŒr eine DNS-Zonendatei wird ein einfacher <strong>SPF</strong> TXT-Eintrag verwendet, um nur DIESEM Server (dem MX) zu erlauben, E-Mails fĂŒr Ihre DomĂ€ne zu senden. Jeder andere Server ist nicht zugelassen, kann es aber tun ("<code>~all</code>"). Weitere Informationen finden Sie im <a href="http://www.open-spf.org/">SPF-Projekt</a>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code># Name Typ Wert
@ IN TXT &quot;v=spf1 mx a -all&quot;
</code></pre></div>
<p>Es wird dringend empfohlen, einen <strong>DKIM</strong> TXT-Eintrag in Ihrer mailcow UI zu erstellen und den entsprechenden TXT-Eintrag in Ihren DNS-EintrĂ€gen zu setzen. Bitte lesen Sie <a href="http://www.opendkim.org">OpenDKIM</a> fĂŒr weitere Informationen.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code># Name Typ Wert
dkim._domainkey IN TXT &quot;v=DKIM1; k=rsa; t=s; s=email; p=...&quot;
</code></pre></div>
<p>Der letzte Schritt, um sich selbst und andere zu schĂŒtzen, ist die Implementierung eines <strong>DMARC</strong> TXT-Datensatzes, zum Beispiel mit Hilfe des <a href="http://www.kitterman.com/dmarc/assistant.html">DMARC-Assistenten</a> (<a href="https://dmarcian.com/dmarc-inspector/google.com">check</a>).</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code># Name Typ Wert
_dmarc IN TXT &quot;v=DMARC1; p=reject; rua=mailto:mailauth-reports@example.org&quot;
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="die-erweiterte-dns-konfiguration">Die erweiterte DNS-Konfiguration<a class="headerlink" href="#die-erweiterte-dns-konfiguration" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p><strong>SRV</strong>-EintrĂ€ge geben den/die Server fĂŒr ein bestimmtes Protokoll in Ihrer DomĂ€ne an. Wenn Sie einen Dienst explizit als nicht bereitgestellt ankĂŒndigen wollen, geben Sie "." als Zieladresse an (statt "mail.example.org."). Bitte beachten Sie <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2782">RFC 2782</a>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code># Name Typ PrioritÀt Gewicht Port Wert
_autodiscover._tcp IN SRV 0 1 443 mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
_caldavs._tcp IN SRV 0 1 443 mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
_caldavs._tcp IN TXT &quot;path=/SOGo/dav/&quot;
_carddavs._tcp IN SRV 0 1 443 mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
_carddavs._tcp IN TXT &quot;path=/SOGo/dav/&quot;
_imap._tcp IN SRV 0 1 143 mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
_imaps._tcp IN SRV 0 1 993 mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
_pop3._tcp IN SRV 0 1 110 mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
_pop3s._tcp IN SRV 0 1 995 mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
_sieve._tcp IN SRV 0 1 4190 mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
_smtps._tcp IN SRV 0 1 465 mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
_submission._tcp IN SRV 0 1 587 mail.example.org. (Ihr ${MAILCOW_HOSTNAME})
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="testen">Testen<a class="headerlink" href="#testen" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Hier finden Sie einige Tools, mit denen Sie Ihre DNS-Konfiguration ĂŒberprĂŒfen können:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://mxtoolbox.com/SuperTool.aspx">MX Toolbox</a> (DNS, SMTP, RBL)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.port25.com/dkim-wizard/">port25.com</a> (DKIM, SPF)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.mail-tester.com/">Mail-Tester</a> (DKIM, DMARC, SPF)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.dmarcanalyzer.com/spf/checker/">DMARC-Analysator</a> (DMARC, SPF)</li>
<li><a href="http://multirbl.valli.org/">MultiRBL.valli.org</a> (DNSBL, RBL, FCrDNS)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="verschiedenes">Verschiedenes<a class="headerlink" href="#verschiedenes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="optionale-dmarc-statistiken">Optionale DMARC-Statistiken<a class="headerlink" href="#optionale-dmarc-statistiken" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Wenn Sie an Statistiken interessiert sind, können Sie sich zusĂ€tzlich bei einem der vielen unten aufgefĂŒhrten DMARC-Statistikdienste anmelden - oder Ihre eigene Statistik selbst hosten.</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tipp</p>
<p>Es ist zu bedenken, dass wenn Sie DMARC-Statistik-Berichte an Ihren mailcow-Server anfordern und Ihr mailcow-Server nicht korrekt fĂŒr den Empfang dieser Berichte konfiguriert ist, Sie möglicherweise keine genauen und vollstĂ€ndigen Ergebnisse erhalten. Bitte erwĂ€gen Sie die Verwendung einer alternativen E-Mail-Domain fĂŒr den Empfang von DMARC-Berichten.</p>
</div>
<p>Es ist erwĂ€hnenswert, dass die folgenden VorschlĂ€ge keine umfassende Liste aller verfĂŒgbaren Dienste und Tools sind, sondern nur eine kleine Auswahl der vielen Möglichkeiten.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://gmail.com/postmaster">Postmaster Tool</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/domainaware/parsedmarc">parsedmarc</a> (selbst gehostet)</li>
<li><a href="https://fraudmarc.com/">Fraudmarc</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dmarc.postmarkapp.com">Postmark</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dmarcian.com/">Dmarcian</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tipp</p>
<p>Diese Dienste stellen Ihnen möglicherweise einen TXT-Eintrag zur VerfĂŒgung, den Sie in Ihre DNS-EintrĂ€ge einfĂŒgen mĂŒssen, so wie es der Anbieter vorschreibt. Bitte stellen Sie sicher, dass Sie die Dokumentation des Anbieters des von Ihnen gewĂ€hlten Dienstes lesen, da dieser Prozess variieren kann.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="e-mail-test-fur-spf-dkim-und-dmarc">E-Mail-Test fĂŒr SPF, DKIM und DMARC:<a class="headerlink" href="#e-mail-test-fur-spf-dkim-und-dmarc" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Um eine rudimentĂ€re E-Mail-AuthentifizierungsprĂŒfung durchzufĂŒhren, senden Sie eine E-Mail an <code>check-auth at verifier.port25.com</code> und warten Sie auf eine Antwort. Sie werden einen Bericht Ă€hnlich dem folgenden finden:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>==========================================================
Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse
==========================================================
SPF-PrĂŒfung: bestanden
&quot;iprev&quot;-PrĂŒfung: bestanden
DKIM-PrĂŒfung: bestanden
DKIM-PrĂŒfung: bestanden
SpamAssassin-PrĂŒfung: ham
==========================================================
Einzelheiten:
==========================================================
....
</code></pre></div>
<p>Der vollstÀndige Bericht enthÀlt weitere technische Details.</p>
<h3 id="fully-qualified-domain-name-fqdn">Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)<a class="headerlink" href="#fully-qualified-domain-name-fqdn" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="footnote">
<hr />
<ol>
<li id="fn:1">
<p>Ein <strong>Fully Qualified Domain Name</strong> (<strong>FQDN</strong>) ist der vollstĂ€ndige (absolute) DomĂ€nenname fĂŒr einen bestimmten Computer oder Host im Internet. Der FQDN besteht aus mindestens drei Teilen, die durch einen Punkt getrennt sind: dem Hostnamen, dem DomĂ€nennamen und der Top Level Domain (kurz <strong>TLD</strong>). Im Beispiel <code>mx.mailcow.email</code> wĂ€re der Hostname <code>mx</code>, der Domainname <code>mailcow</code> und die TLD <code>email</code>.&#160;<a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:1" title="Jump back to footnote 1 in the text">&#8617;</a></p>
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Letztes Update:
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